Aristotle And St. Augustine - 846 Words

Aristotle and St. Augustine both wrote philosophical works in order to teach us something that they have learned, in hopes that we will apply it to our own lives. However, Augustine uses a type of autobiographical style in addition to treatise in his works, while Aristotle only uses the treatise style in his works.What were they both thinking when they were writing these famous works? Did they use their respective styles to achieve a goal? Both authors used their work to teach lessons in a way that would best communicate to the reader with relation to their own life experiences and careers. Both authors wrote their work as a way of acknowledging their own mortality. In other words, Aristotle spent a significant part of his life as a teacher of philosophy, and an earlier part of his learning and Augustine spent most of his later life teaching the Christian ideals. Both writers wished to teach people after they reached the end of their life and were to continue to the next one. In addition, they took the opportunity to communicate to those, during their times and after, who they were not able to speak to directly. Aristotle, Greek philosopher and author of works including the Nichomachean Ethics, wrote in a style in which the writer uses methodological discussion in order to reach a conclusion, also known as treatise. Aristotle, as opposed to St. Augustine and other religious persons, spent his life learning philosophy and presumably made it a goal to teach others,Show MoreRelatedSt. Augustine as the True Heir of Plato Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle and St. Augustine have both been influenced by Plato. Their philosophy on morality, politics, and the purpose of life has been platonically influenced. St. Augustine is the true heir of Plato because he has taken Plato’s ideal state, and revealed the implications of the lives that the citizens of the earthly city lead, in the City of God. Plato’s state is an ideal state, that would not function in reality. St. Augustine has taken Plato’s notions, and have furthered the implications of livingRead MoreCompare And Contr ast Augustine And Virtue Ethics872 Words   |  4 PagesBushra Akhter Core 3105 Philosophical Issues in Literature Prof. Filippa Modesto Final Paper Compare the theory of virtue that Aristotle develops with that of St. Augustine. Virtue ethics is a theory that focuses on character development. Virtue is used to make moral decisions and it solely depends on an individual himself. Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers and also a student of Plato, wrote on a wide range of subjects including virtue ethics. According to him, virtue means beingRead MorePlato And St. Augustine1090 Words   |  5 Pagesconcepts. Plato argued that conduct comes from a reference to this world of forms. By this argument, there is an eternal idea or form of each moral principle, such as justice, piety or truth. 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ForRead More Augustines Confessions Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pages Augustineamp;#8217;s Confession nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Augustine on his own view stole the fruit for the mere enjoyment of the sin and theft that the stealing involved. He says in (II,4) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;amp;#8220;Behold, now let my heart tell you what it nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; looked for there, that I should be evil nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; without purpose and there shouldRead MoreAristotle And Marcus Cicero s Perceptions Of Virtue Ethics And The Development Of Economic Society1623 Words   |  7 Pagesgenerating income have become norms in today’s society, and are considered supplementary to the economy as a whole. But philosophers have always questioned the morality of how one conducts himself in society. In this essay, we will examine Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and Marcus Cicero’s perceptions of what virtue ethics are, and how they facilitated the development of economic society. Morality, distinctly defines what is right and what is wrong, but theory of virtue ethics is the mechanismRead MoreThe Existence Of God And The Renaissance Era821 Words   |  4 Pagesof God was a philosophical topic that was shared by most of the well-known philosophers and theologians of the time. The very name medieval (meaning, the in-between time) philosophy suggests the tendency of modern thinkers to go directly from Aristotle to the Renaissance era. What seems to justify this attitude is the tendency of philosophers during this period to seek truth along with orthodoxy. Most of the medieval thinkers from religions such as Judaism, ChristianityRead More Christianity According to St. Augustine and Machiavelli Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages In St. Augustine’s book entitled Political Writings, one could see that Christianity plays a very important role in his view of politics. His opinion on the morality or lack of morality in politics, to me makes it more evident that Christianity persuades his views. Although it seems his writings have become quite well known and admired, not everyone fully shared his beliefs. Niccolo Machiavelli, for instance, seemed to believe in a government that was not driven by morality, but more by practicalityRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically for my choice topic. The seven philosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aqu inas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to

Sociology Science As X - 3860 Words

Erin Sakakibara ID: 504-023-123 December 19, 2014 Sociology 191V – Science As X Science as â€Å"The Normalizer† I have not lived in a society where homosexuality is not visible and a popular topic in both the scientific and sociological community. Growing up in Los Angeles meant that I was exposed to a culture that, in general, allowed the homosexual population to classify themselves differently and pursue their desired lifestyles, but I had never really considered how much gay presence has changed. Studying sociology at UCLA has introduced me to the mixture of perspectives that influences our behavior experiences as human beings. Most interesting to me is the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors that shape the environment we live in, our behavioral tendencies, our place in society, our attitudes towards others and vice versa, and our self-concept. I have noticed how the classifications of people based on the factors listed above affect those who are so classified. And more specifically, I have wondered, what role does science play in this process? Science has been a do minant factor in determining our beliefs about practically anything and everything – from medical discoveries and health studies to dieting and exercise. When it comes to people, and specifically â€Å"deviant† people, science seeks to control, help, organize, change, and/or understand them. We categorize individuals based on various properties, and specifically for homosexuals, we have definedShow MoreRelatedNat Books Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesNCERT texts on the below subjects: History, Geography, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Fine Arts, and Science. 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This insight into human behaviour, both as an individual and as part of a group, has been the foundation for sociological thinking in the past and is still relevant in understanding the present and future

Misconceptions About Africa Free Essays

Coming to America Paper In the movie â€Å"Coming to America† we can observe a wide variety of stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers throughout the movie. Now whether or not the stereotypes and cultural differences are accurate, it gives us a good idea of how America is difference then most countries around the world. In today’s world when people think of Africa they think of people who may not be as educated as Americans, and possibly people who grew up in the jungle or rainforest. We will write a custom essay sample on Misconceptions About Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now When in fact â€Å"only a small percentage of Africa, along the Guinea Coast, Congo, and in the Zaire River Basin, are rainforests. Most of Africa’s forests, like the forests of Europe and North America, have been cut or burned by humans to create farmland. † (MAA) We also witness language barriers come into play in the movie. When the Prince is trying to find a city in America to find his bride he says â€Å"what better place for a queen than Queen’s, New York†. When in all reality Queen’s, New York is known for being to have a relatively high crime rate and high poverty rate in 1988 when the movie was released, which in American culture, would probably not be the best place to find your â€Å"queen† or girlfriend. Cultural differences, language barriers, and stereotypes, come up quite often in the movie. The movie tries to show Americans in a somewhat comedic way how Africa and America have different cultures. The cultural differences in the movie also suggest that it may not be very easy to transition between the two cultures, because American’s and African’s may value different things greater in one country compared to the other. Stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers will always be around, but it is up to the people of the world to educate one another, and help them evaluate and understand their differences, which will in turn help the coexistence of nations throughout the world. Citations â€Å"Misconceptions About Africa. †Ã‚  African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania. Ed. Ali B. Ali-Dinar. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. . (MAA) How to cite Misconceptions About Africa, Papers

Journal Vascular Interventional Radiology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Vascular Interventional Radiology? Answer: Introducation In the emergency department, establishing vascular access is the most common procedure. However, handling patients with difficult vascular access becomes a challenge for nurses. Certain conditions like obesity, vasculopathy, hypovolemia and chronic vascular access increase the likelihood of difficult vascular access. The review of research studies on interventions for difficult intravenous access has revealed that CVC (Central Venous Catheterization) is an alternative approach for the management of difficult access and achieving cannulation (Crowley et al. 2012). Although CVC helps in providing vascular access for different medical purpose, however there are many evidence which shows the risk associated with CVC cannulation. Kornbau et al. (2015) has revealed that CVC increases large number of complications in patient. Immediate complications include vascular, cardiac and pulmonary complication and some of delayed complications include catheter infection. Parienti et al (2015) also s howed that CVC is associated with infectious and thrombotic complications and catheter related bloodstream infection has negative implications on health care cost, morbidity and mortality of patient. These evidences points out to the uncertainties in management of difficult access by CVC method. However, there is also abundant evidence regarding the effectiveness of ultrasound guided venous access in increasing success rate in cannulation and decreasing complications. Hence, it would be beneficial to review PICO question based on area of practice: Population (P): Patients with suspected or known difficult venous access Intervention (I): Ultrasound-guided Intravenous access Comparison (C): Traditional techniques Outcome (O): Improved intravenous access and less complications In patients with suspected or known difficult venous access, does Ultrasound-guided Intravenous access compared to traditional technique improve intravenous access and lessen complication? Search for highest level of evidence: While looking at highest level of evidence related to the research topic, it is necessary to start from the top of the 6S pyramid. The 6S pyramid consists of systems, summaries, synopses of syntheses, syntheses, synopses of single studies and single studies (Murad et al. 2016). When seeking to find answer to the above research question, the main focus was to find highest level of evidence and then move down the list. The electronic databases that can help in getting answer to healthcare and clinical questions include Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library and PyschINFO (Kable, Pich and Maslin-Prothero 2012). On the basis of hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews comes at the top of the list followed by evidence syntheses, article synopses, RCTs (Randomized Controlled Trial), Cohort Studies, case controlled studies and expert opinion (Hansen 2014). While searching relevant articles related to ultrasound guided intravenous access, the focus will be to start finding article s from highest level of evidence. To answer the PICO questions, Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library and PyschINFO databases were search. These databases were selected as it provides peer-reviewed articles on health care research. The search was first started with broad search terms like Ultrasound-guided Intravenous access and this was typed in Google Scholar. If the search for top two levels failed, then broad search term was also applied in CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library and PyschINFO databases. For searching articles from CINAHL, PubMed and PyschINFO databases, certain specific search terms and Boolean operators like AND, OR and NOT was used. The search result was limited by limiting the search full text and peer reviewed articles. When more than one search term such as Ultrasound-guided Intravenous access and reduction in venous access complication was used, then AND or OR was used. In this way, combination of two search term was added to get relevant and highest quality evidences. After entering d ifferent combinations of search terms in databases and analyzing them according to hierarchies of evidence, three highest piece of evidence was found. One article was a randomized study by Wu et al. (2013) focusing on comparison between two-dimensional ultrasound guidance technique and land mark method in critical patient. The second article was a retrospective analysis done in emergency department Scoppettuolo et al. (2016) and the final included prospective observation study in cancer patients (Cavanna et al. 2010). Comparison of the highest level of evidence found: To effectively apply highest level of evidence to current practice in nursing setting, comparison and critical analysis of three research articles are presented below: The first randomized study by Wu et al. (2013) is considered relevant to answer the PICO question by reviewing at its title, abstract and background. The population, intervention as well as the comparator is evident from the title of the research article. It clearly showed that that real time two-dimensional ultrasound guidance technique for CVC was the main intervention and landmark method was comparator. The population of interest was also evident after reading the methodology and the outcomes of the technique was mainly evaluated in patients undergoing CVC. The landmark method compared in the RCT study also became clear after reviewing the introduction section of the article. Hence, based on this justification, the article is found relevant to answer the research question. Finding such articles specific to the research question also proves that PICO question has been appropriately formulated for clinical research and evidence based practice. Evidence has proved that formulation of clinical question by using PICO format helps in framing questions directly relevant to patient problem or clinical issue. Developing a researchable question facilitates implementing quality research and evidence based clinical practice (Aslam and Emmanuel 2010). Apart from the relevance of the article by Wu et al. (2013) in addressing research question, another attribute that resulted in the selection of this article for critical appraisal includes the position of the evidence in the hierarchy of evidence. As this assessment mainly aimed to finding out the best evidence to inform current nursing practice, taking highest level of evidence has an advantage. The hierarchical system of classifying evidence is one of the cornerstone of evidence based practice and practitioners are mainly encouraged to find highest level of evidence because maximize its effectiveness for particular intervention. The level of evidence helps to prioritize information and providing a guide to effectively evaluate results of the research (Burns, Rohrich, and Chung 2011). The article by Wu et al. (2013) has also been selected for addressing research questions because it is the highest level of evidence as it is a meta-analysis of various RCT study. The main rational fo r regarding systematic reviews and meta-analysis as being the best evidence in informing health care practice is that systematic reviews are synthesis of many good quality evidence. This helps the reviewers having time constraints to get reliable idea about the effectiveness of intervention. In case of meta-analysis, the precision of the result increases because it is a mathematical synthesis of two or more research studies (Gopalakrishnan and Ganeshkumar 2013). After reviewing the first article on the basis of relevance to the research question and hierarchy of evidence, the next goal is to evaluate the article on the basis of informing the effectiveness of ultrasound guided venous access in improving cannulation process and reducing complications. To compare and contrast real time two-dimensional ultrasound (RTUS) guidance technique with anatomical landmark method, Wu et al. (2013) retrieved randomized studies from PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of knowledge and OVID EMB reviews. Selection of these databases are commendable because all are updated and versatile medical databases. The methodological rigor in selecting article is seen because Wu et al. (2013) used two reviewers screened articles. One was involved in reviewing the title and abstract and other reviewed the whole article. The assessment of studies has been validated by the use of Jadad tool, which is a reliable tool to assess quality of RCT studies (Zeng et al. 2015). The impact of ultrasound techniques on puncture site, patients age and risk of cannulation failure was evaluated. The final result of the meta-analysis showed that RTUS technique reduced risk of cannulation failure in adult patient, however the same result was not found for pediatric patients. However, it reduced the risk of accidental puncture. Overall the benefits of RTUS in reducing cannulation failure incidence, accidental puncture and hematoma was proved. One significant value of this research is that it has pointed out to the changes in outcome in case of pediatric patient. Hence, while deciding to use this evidence for real pr actice, it would be essential for practitioners to assess the role of RTUS in pediatric patients or find out other approach for them. Such consideration is important in evidence based research because before implementing such evidence, there is a need to address complexity in system of care and different patient group (Hamer and Collinson 2014). The second research article that has been found to address the PICO question include the article by Scoppettuolo et al. (2016) which focused on conducting retrospective analysis for ultrasound-guided short midline catheters for difficult venous access in the emergency department. The congruence of the article to the PICO question is partly understood from reading the title of the article and partly by reading the abstract. The title gave idea about outcome and the intervention. The population of interest became evident by reviewing the background section of the article. The manner in which PICO question has helped to retrieve relevant research article also proves that PICO format is an essential tool to pursue research and explore the validity of research for application in real setting (Riva et al. 2012). On the basis of level and hierarchy of evidence, it can be said that Scoppettuolo et al. (2016) has focused on retrospective analysis comes under level II evidence for clinical studies. Burns, Rohrich and Chung (2011) have proved that for prognostic studies, retrospective analysis comes under level II of evidence. A retrospective analysis is a method that looks back at the outcome of an event that has been already established. In such cases, the data is secondary and the advantage of this method for research is that it helps to further evaluate and identify potential biasness in past studies (Smith 2015). Assessing the hierarchy of evidence is a major factor in evidence based practice and evidence based hierarchies provides the right guidance to determine the quality of evidence. This can be said because hierarchy of evidence in constructed by evaluating the research methods on the basis strength and precision in research design (Greenhalgh, Howick and Maskrey 2014). Hence, selecting research articles on by using evidence hierarchy as a guide provides the best approach to validate the quality of evidence at the first place. The usefulness of the research by Scoppettuolo et al. (2016) in terms of its applicability by nursing practice can be understood by analyzing the results of the study. The retrospectives analysis on ultrasound-guided peripheral venous access in patients admitted to emergency department in 1 year revealed that success rate of insertion of 100% and no thrombotic complications or infection was reported. On the basis of this outcome, it can be said that the research article has addressed and provided answer to the PICO question. The data based on clinical charts has convincingly proved that no complication occurred during cannulation in patient. In terms of comparison of the ultrasound guided venous access technique with traditional palpation approach, it was proved that the ultrasound guided technique was the superior method for successful venous cannulation (Scoppettuolo et al. 2016). The strength of the evidence is that the author has not only defined outcome and superiority of the te chnique, but also gave clear about the reason for positive outcome. The main reason for high success rate was that ultrasound guided technique reduced the rate of percutaneous punctures that occurred in traditional method. However, one limitation that can act as barrier in the implementation of the evidence for practice is that the study showed that success rate is dependent on characteristics of vessel. Secondly, the cost effectiveness of the method has been hampered by short duration limit for the procedure. Hence, this study points out to the need for future research in the area of addressing short duration related challenges for staffs. It also point to the need for simulation based training regarding the technique to maximize the utility of evidence for evidence based practice This points out to the need for simulation based training (Ma et al. 2011) The third article by Cavanna et al. (2010) was also found to address the PICO question and this is evident clearly by looking at the title of the article. The interventions and outcome mentioned in the title matches with the PICO question. The title is not matching the population group as the study has been done with cancer patients. However, still the research is significant to inform practice because evidence has showed that risk of complications in central venous access mainly increases in patients with chronic illness (Tapson et al. 2017). Hence, the research work on cancer patient is considered inform to inform practice in clinical setting because central venous access is necessary for all cancer patients. In terms of hierarchy of evidence, Cavanna et al. (2010) occupies the level I hierarchy as it is a prospective study (Burns, Rohrich and Chung 2011). The strength of this methodology for research is that it helps in analysis of subjects based on outcomes over a long period of time. This evidence is also found fewer biases and confounding factors compared to retrospective study. Hence, such results obtained from such study are reliable. Cavanna et al. (2010) mainly conducted the research with cancer patients requiring CVC. The Seldinger technique was used to place the catheter and 16 needle was placed under real time ultrasound guidance. Within two hours of the procedure, any CVC related complication was recorded. The outcome study done on participants for 9 years showed no bleeding and nerve puncture, however self limiting hematoma was observed. The study is found useful because it also answers the PICOT question and proves that ultrasound guidance can reduce complications in cancer patients. The strength of this evidence is that this research performed the procedure on largest number of patient thus enhancing the reliability and credibility of the result. It is the most accurate prospective trial as it has been carried out over a longer period of time. Such piece of evidence can readily applied in practice after providing some period of training to nurses. Among the three evidence, two was highest level of evidence and one was II level of evidence. In case of meta analysis and prospective study, the prospective study by Cavanna et al. (2010) is found to be the most strongest level of evidence from the three articles. This is because the methodology is free from biasness compared to other methods and analysis of outcome for long period has further enhanced the validity of the study for application in real setting. The other two studies are not reliable for application in real setting because of limitations in methodology and research outcomes as explained in sections for respective studies. Barrier to implementing EBP Among the three evidences, Cavanna et al. (2010) can be implemented as evidence based practice (EBP) in current setting because the article has clearly discussed the procedure and also addressed the limitations related to short time limit in implementing the procedure. This can be said because Seldinger technique was applied to address this shortcoming in the procedure (Goldstein et al. 2015). However, while trying to implement this evidence, certain barriers may arise in practice setting. For instance, nurses may feel reluctant to adopt the new method and abandon the traditional technique of cannulation. To address this barrier, it will be necessary to hold two or more session with nurses so that they understand the effectiveness of evidence for patient safety and reducing health care cost. This will help to address individual level barrier and changes the attitude of nurses towards EBP (Jordan, Bowers and Morton 2016). Another barrier to the implementation of EBP may include lack of time in learning about the new technique. This barrier can be addressed once the organization realize the need to change traditional practice and provide support to nurses so that they can manage their work priorities as well as attend training for effectively implementing new intervention in real setting. Such barrier can be addressed by clinical leader in organization as they can develop strategic climate for implementation of EBP (Aarons et al. 2014). Reference Aarons, G.A., Ehrhart, M.G., Farahnak, L.R. and Sklar, M., 2014. Aligning leadership across systems and organizations to develop a strategic climate for evidence-based practice implementation.Annual Review of Public Health,35. Aslam, S. and Emmanuel, P., 2010. Formulating a researchable question: A critical step for facilitating good clinical research.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases,31(1), p.47. Burns, P.B., Rohrich, R.J. and Chung, K.C., 2011. The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine.Plastic and reconstructive surgery,128(1), p.305. Cavanna, L., Civardi, G., Vallisa, D., Di Nunzio, C., Cappucciati, L., Bert, R., Cordani, M.R., Lazzaro, A., Cremona, G., Biasini, C. and Muroni, M., 2010. Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization in cancer patients improves the success rate of cannulation and reduces mechanical complications: a prospective observational study of 1,978 consecutive catheterizations.World journal of surgical oncology,8(1), p.91. Crowley, M., Brim, C., Proehl, J., Barnason, S., Leviner, S., Lindauer, C., Naccarato, M., Storer, A., Williams, J. and Papa, A., 2012. Emergency nursing resource: difficult intravenous access.Journal of Emergency Nursing,38(4), pp.335-343. Goldstein, S.D., Pryor, H., Salazar, J.H., Dalesio, N., Stewart, F.D., Abdullah, F., Colombani, P. and Lukish, J.R., 2015. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous central venous access in low birth weight infants: feasibility in the smallest of patients.Journal of Laparoendoscopic Advanced Surgical Techniques,25(9), pp.767-769. Gopalakrishnan, S. and Ganeshkumar, P., 2013. 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