Aristotle And St. Augustine - 846 Words

Aristotle and St. Augustine both wrote philosophical works in order to teach us something that they have learned, in hopes that we will apply it to our own lives. However, Augustine uses a type of autobiographical style in addition to treatise in his works, while Aristotle only uses the treatise style in his works.What were they both thinking when they were writing these famous works? Did they use their respective styles to achieve a goal? Both authors used their work to teach lessons in a way that would best communicate to the reader with relation to their own life experiences and careers. Both authors wrote their work as a way of acknowledging their own mortality. In other words, Aristotle spent a significant part of his life as a teacher of philosophy, and an earlier part of his learning and Augustine spent most of his later life teaching the Christian ideals. Both writers wished to teach people after they reached the end of their life and were to continue to the next one. In addition, they took the opportunity to communicate to those, during their times and after, who they were not able to speak to directly. Aristotle, Greek philosopher and author of works including the Nichomachean Ethics, wrote in a style in which the writer uses methodological discussion in order to reach a conclusion, also known as treatise. Aristotle, as opposed to St. Augustine and other religious persons, spent his life learning philosophy and presumably made it a goal to teach others,Show MoreRelatedSt. Augustine as the True Heir of Plato Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle and St. Augustine have both been influenced by Plato. Their philosophy on morality, politics, and the purpose of life has been platonically influenced. St. Augustine is the true heir of Plato because he has taken Plato’s ideal state, and revealed the implications of the lives that the citizens of the earthly city lead, in the City of God. Plato’s state is an ideal state, that would not function in reality. St. Augustine has taken Plato’s notions, and have furthered the implications of livingRead MoreCompare And Contr ast Augustine And Virtue Ethics872 Words   |  4 PagesBushra Akhter Core 3105 Philosophical Issues in Literature Prof. Filippa Modesto Final Paper Compare the theory of virtue that Aristotle develops with that of St. Augustine. Virtue ethics is a theory that focuses on character development. Virtue is used to make moral decisions and it solely depends on an individual himself. Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers and also a student of Plato, wrote on a wide range of subjects including virtue ethics. According to him, virtue means beingRead MorePlato And St. Augustine1090 Words   |  5 Pagesconcepts. Plato argued that conduct comes from a reference to this world of forms. By this argument, there is an eternal idea or form of each moral principle, such as justice, piety or truth. 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ForRead More Augustines Confessions Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pages Augustineamp;#8217;s Confession nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Augustine on his own view stole the fruit for the mere enjoyment of the sin and theft that the stealing involved. He says in (II,4) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;amp;#8220;Behold, now let my heart tell you what it nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; looked for there, that I should be evil nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; without purpose and there shouldRead MoreAristotle And Marcus Cicero s Perceptions Of Virtue Ethics And The Development Of Economic Society1623 Words   |  7 Pagesgenerating income have become norms in today’s society, and are considered supplementary to the economy as a whole. But philosophers have always questioned the morality of how one conducts himself in society. In this essay, we will examine Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and Marcus Cicero’s perceptions of what virtue ethics are, and how they facilitated the development of economic society. Morality, distinctly defines what is right and what is wrong, but theory of virtue ethics is the mechanismRead MoreThe Existence Of God And The Renaissance Era821 Words   |  4 Pagesof God was a philosophical topic that was shared by most of the well-known philosophers and theologians of the time. The very name medieval (meaning, the in-between time) philosophy suggests the tendency of modern thinkers to go directly from Aristotle to the Renaissance era. What seems to justify this attitude is the tendency of philosophers during this period to seek truth along with orthodoxy. Most of the medieval thinkers from religions such as Judaism, ChristianityRead More Christianity According to St. Augustine and Machiavelli Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pages In St. Augustine’s book entitled Political Writings, one could see that Christianity plays a very important role in his view of politics. His opinion on the morality or lack of morality in politics, to me makes it more evident that Christianity persuades his views. Although it seems his writings have become quite well known and admired, not everyone fully shared his beliefs. Niccolo Machiavelli, for instance, seemed to believe in a government that was not driven by morality, but more by practicalityRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically for my choice topic. The seven philosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aqu inas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to

Sociology Science As X - 3860 Words

Erin Sakakibara ID: 504-023-123 December 19, 2014 Sociology 191V – Science As X Science as â€Å"The Normalizer† I have not lived in a society where homosexuality is not visible and a popular topic in both the scientific and sociological community. Growing up in Los Angeles meant that I was exposed to a culture that, in general, allowed the homosexual population to classify themselves differently and pursue their desired lifestyles, but I had never really considered how much gay presence has changed. Studying sociology at UCLA has introduced me to the mixture of perspectives that influences our behavior experiences as human beings. Most interesting to me is the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors that shape the environment we live in, our behavioral tendencies, our place in society, our attitudes towards others and vice versa, and our self-concept. I have noticed how the classifications of people based on the factors listed above affect those who are so classified. And more specifically, I have wondered, what role does science play in this process? Science has been a do minant factor in determining our beliefs about practically anything and everything – from medical discoveries and health studies to dieting and exercise. When it comes to people, and specifically â€Å"deviant† people, science seeks to control, help, organize, change, and/or understand them. We categorize individuals based on various properties, and specifically for homosexuals, we have definedShow MoreRelatedNat Books Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesNCERT texts on the below subjects: History, Geography, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Fine Arts, and Science. 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This insight into human behaviour, both as an individual and as part of a group, has been the foundation for sociological thinking in the past and is still relevant in understanding the present and future

Misconceptions About Africa Free Essays

Coming to America Paper In the movie â€Å"Coming to America† we can observe a wide variety of stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers throughout the movie. Now whether or not the stereotypes and cultural differences are accurate, it gives us a good idea of how America is difference then most countries around the world. In today’s world when people think of Africa they think of people who may not be as educated as Americans, and possibly people who grew up in the jungle or rainforest. We will write a custom essay sample on Misconceptions About Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now When in fact â€Å"only a small percentage of Africa, along the Guinea Coast, Congo, and in the Zaire River Basin, are rainforests. Most of Africa’s forests, like the forests of Europe and North America, have been cut or burned by humans to create farmland. † (MAA) We also witness language barriers come into play in the movie. When the Prince is trying to find a city in America to find his bride he says â€Å"what better place for a queen than Queen’s, New York†. When in all reality Queen’s, New York is known for being to have a relatively high crime rate and high poverty rate in 1988 when the movie was released, which in American culture, would probably not be the best place to find your â€Å"queen† or girlfriend. Cultural differences, language barriers, and stereotypes, come up quite often in the movie. The movie tries to show Americans in a somewhat comedic way how Africa and America have different cultures. The cultural differences in the movie also suggest that it may not be very easy to transition between the two cultures, because American’s and African’s may value different things greater in one country compared to the other. Stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers will always be around, but it is up to the people of the world to educate one another, and help them evaluate and understand their differences, which will in turn help the coexistence of nations throughout the world. Citations â€Å"Misconceptions About Africa. †Ã‚  African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania. Ed. Ali B. Ali-Dinar. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. . (MAA) How to cite Misconceptions About Africa, Papers

Journal Vascular Interventional Radiology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Vascular Interventional Radiology? Answer: Introducation In the emergency department, establishing vascular access is the most common procedure. However, handling patients with difficult vascular access becomes a challenge for nurses. Certain conditions like obesity, vasculopathy, hypovolemia and chronic vascular access increase the likelihood of difficult vascular access. The review of research studies on interventions for difficult intravenous access has revealed that CVC (Central Venous Catheterization) is an alternative approach for the management of difficult access and achieving cannulation (Crowley et al. 2012). Although CVC helps in providing vascular access for different medical purpose, however there are many evidence which shows the risk associated with CVC cannulation. Kornbau et al. (2015) has revealed that CVC increases large number of complications in patient. Immediate complications include vascular, cardiac and pulmonary complication and some of delayed complications include catheter infection. Parienti et al (2015) also s howed that CVC is associated with infectious and thrombotic complications and catheter related bloodstream infection has negative implications on health care cost, morbidity and mortality of patient. These evidences points out to the uncertainties in management of difficult access by CVC method. However, there is also abundant evidence regarding the effectiveness of ultrasound guided venous access in increasing success rate in cannulation and decreasing complications. Hence, it would be beneficial to review PICO question based on area of practice: Population (P): Patients with suspected or known difficult venous access Intervention (I): Ultrasound-guided Intravenous access Comparison (C): Traditional techniques Outcome (O): Improved intravenous access and less complications In patients with suspected or known difficult venous access, does Ultrasound-guided Intravenous access compared to traditional technique improve intravenous access and lessen complication? Search for highest level of evidence: While looking at highest level of evidence related to the research topic, it is necessary to start from the top of the 6S pyramid. The 6S pyramid consists of systems, summaries, synopses of syntheses, syntheses, synopses of single studies and single studies (Murad et al. 2016). When seeking to find answer to the above research question, the main focus was to find highest level of evidence and then move down the list. The electronic databases that can help in getting answer to healthcare and clinical questions include Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library and PyschINFO (Kable, Pich and Maslin-Prothero 2012). On the basis of hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews comes at the top of the list followed by evidence syntheses, article synopses, RCTs (Randomized Controlled Trial), Cohort Studies, case controlled studies and expert opinion (Hansen 2014). While searching relevant articles related to ultrasound guided intravenous access, the focus will be to start finding article s from highest level of evidence. To answer the PICO questions, Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library and PyschINFO databases were search. These databases were selected as it provides peer-reviewed articles on health care research. The search was first started with broad search terms like Ultrasound-guided Intravenous access and this was typed in Google Scholar. If the search for top two levels failed, then broad search term was also applied in CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library and PyschINFO databases. For searching articles from CINAHL, PubMed and PyschINFO databases, certain specific search terms and Boolean operators like AND, OR and NOT was used. The search result was limited by limiting the search full text and peer reviewed articles. When more than one search term such as Ultrasound-guided Intravenous access and reduction in venous access complication was used, then AND or OR was used. In this way, combination of two search term was added to get relevant and highest quality evidences. After entering d ifferent combinations of search terms in databases and analyzing them according to hierarchies of evidence, three highest piece of evidence was found. One article was a randomized study by Wu et al. (2013) focusing on comparison between two-dimensional ultrasound guidance technique and land mark method in critical patient. The second article was a retrospective analysis done in emergency department Scoppettuolo et al. (2016) and the final included prospective observation study in cancer patients (Cavanna et al. 2010). Comparison of the highest level of evidence found: To effectively apply highest level of evidence to current practice in nursing setting, comparison and critical analysis of three research articles are presented below: The first randomized study by Wu et al. (2013) is considered relevant to answer the PICO question by reviewing at its title, abstract and background. The population, intervention as well as the comparator is evident from the title of the research article. It clearly showed that that real time two-dimensional ultrasound guidance technique for CVC was the main intervention and landmark method was comparator. The population of interest was also evident after reading the methodology and the outcomes of the technique was mainly evaluated in patients undergoing CVC. The landmark method compared in the RCT study also became clear after reviewing the introduction section of the article. Hence, based on this justification, the article is found relevant to answer the research question. Finding such articles specific to the research question also proves that PICO question has been appropriately formulated for clinical research and evidence based practice. Evidence has proved that formulation of clinical question by using PICO format helps in framing questions directly relevant to patient problem or clinical issue. Developing a researchable question facilitates implementing quality research and evidence based clinical practice (Aslam and Emmanuel 2010). Apart from the relevance of the article by Wu et al. (2013) in addressing research question, another attribute that resulted in the selection of this article for critical appraisal includes the position of the evidence in the hierarchy of evidence. As this assessment mainly aimed to finding out the best evidence to inform current nursing practice, taking highest level of evidence has an advantage. The hierarchical system of classifying evidence is one of the cornerstone of evidence based practice and practitioners are mainly encouraged to find highest level of evidence because maximize its effectiveness for particular intervention. The level of evidence helps to prioritize information and providing a guide to effectively evaluate results of the research (Burns, Rohrich, and Chung 2011). The article by Wu et al. (2013) has also been selected for addressing research questions because it is the highest level of evidence as it is a meta-analysis of various RCT study. The main rational fo r regarding systematic reviews and meta-analysis as being the best evidence in informing health care practice is that systematic reviews are synthesis of many good quality evidence. This helps the reviewers having time constraints to get reliable idea about the effectiveness of intervention. In case of meta-analysis, the precision of the result increases because it is a mathematical synthesis of two or more research studies (Gopalakrishnan and Ganeshkumar 2013). After reviewing the first article on the basis of relevance to the research question and hierarchy of evidence, the next goal is to evaluate the article on the basis of informing the effectiveness of ultrasound guided venous access in improving cannulation process and reducing complications. To compare and contrast real time two-dimensional ultrasound (RTUS) guidance technique with anatomical landmark method, Wu et al. (2013) retrieved randomized studies from PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of knowledge and OVID EMB reviews. Selection of these databases are commendable because all are updated and versatile medical databases. The methodological rigor in selecting article is seen because Wu et al. (2013) used two reviewers screened articles. One was involved in reviewing the title and abstract and other reviewed the whole article. The assessment of studies has been validated by the use of Jadad tool, which is a reliable tool to assess quality of RCT studies (Zeng et al. 2015). The impact of ultrasound techniques on puncture site, patients age and risk of cannulation failure was evaluated. The final result of the meta-analysis showed that RTUS technique reduced risk of cannulation failure in adult patient, however the same result was not found for pediatric patients. However, it reduced the risk of accidental puncture. Overall the benefits of RTUS in reducing cannulation failure incidence, accidental puncture and hematoma was proved. One significant value of this research is that it has pointed out to the changes in outcome in case of pediatric patient. Hence, while deciding to use this evidence for real pr actice, it would be essential for practitioners to assess the role of RTUS in pediatric patients or find out other approach for them. Such consideration is important in evidence based research because before implementing such evidence, there is a need to address complexity in system of care and different patient group (Hamer and Collinson 2014). The second research article that has been found to address the PICO question include the article by Scoppettuolo et al. (2016) which focused on conducting retrospective analysis for ultrasound-guided short midline catheters for difficult venous access in the emergency department. The congruence of the article to the PICO question is partly understood from reading the title of the article and partly by reading the abstract. The title gave idea about outcome and the intervention. The population of interest became evident by reviewing the background section of the article. The manner in which PICO question has helped to retrieve relevant research article also proves that PICO format is an essential tool to pursue research and explore the validity of research for application in real setting (Riva et al. 2012). On the basis of level and hierarchy of evidence, it can be said that Scoppettuolo et al. (2016) has focused on retrospective analysis comes under level II evidence for clinical studies. Burns, Rohrich and Chung (2011) have proved that for prognostic studies, retrospective analysis comes under level II of evidence. A retrospective analysis is a method that looks back at the outcome of an event that has been already established. In such cases, the data is secondary and the advantage of this method for research is that it helps to further evaluate and identify potential biasness in past studies (Smith 2015). Assessing the hierarchy of evidence is a major factor in evidence based practice and evidence based hierarchies provides the right guidance to determine the quality of evidence. This can be said because hierarchy of evidence in constructed by evaluating the research methods on the basis strength and precision in research design (Greenhalgh, Howick and Maskrey 2014). Hence, selecting research articles on by using evidence hierarchy as a guide provides the best approach to validate the quality of evidence at the first place. The usefulness of the research by Scoppettuolo et al. (2016) in terms of its applicability by nursing practice can be understood by analyzing the results of the study. The retrospectives analysis on ultrasound-guided peripheral venous access in patients admitted to emergency department in 1 year revealed that success rate of insertion of 100% and no thrombotic complications or infection was reported. On the basis of this outcome, it can be said that the research article has addressed and provided answer to the PICO question. The data based on clinical charts has convincingly proved that no complication occurred during cannulation in patient. In terms of comparison of the ultrasound guided venous access technique with traditional palpation approach, it was proved that the ultrasound guided technique was the superior method for successful venous cannulation (Scoppettuolo et al. 2016). The strength of the evidence is that the author has not only defined outcome and superiority of the te chnique, but also gave clear about the reason for positive outcome. The main reason for high success rate was that ultrasound guided technique reduced the rate of percutaneous punctures that occurred in traditional method. However, one limitation that can act as barrier in the implementation of the evidence for practice is that the study showed that success rate is dependent on characteristics of vessel. Secondly, the cost effectiveness of the method has been hampered by short duration limit for the procedure. Hence, this study points out to the need for future research in the area of addressing short duration related challenges for staffs. It also point to the need for simulation based training regarding the technique to maximize the utility of evidence for evidence based practice This points out to the need for simulation based training (Ma et al. 2011) The third article by Cavanna et al. (2010) was also found to address the PICO question and this is evident clearly by looking at the title of the article. The interventions and outcome mentioned in the title matches with the PICO question. The title is not matching the population group as the study has been done with cancer patients. However, still the research is significant to inform practice because evidence has showed that risk of complications in central venous access mainly increases in patients with chronic illness (Tapson et al. 2017). Hence, the research work on cancer patient is considered inform to inform practice in clinical setting because central venous access is necessary for all cancer patients. In terms of hierarchy of evidence, Cavanna et al. (2010) occupies the level I hierarchy as it is a prospective study (Burns, Rohrich and Chung 2011). The strength of this methodology for research is that it helps in analysis of subjects based on outcomes over a long period of time. This evidence is also found fewer biases and confounding factors compared to retrospective study. Hence, such results obtained from such study are reliable. Cavanna et al. (2010) mainly conducted the research with cancer patients requiring CVC. The Seldinger technique was used to place the catheter and 16 needle was placed under real time ultrasound guidance. Within two hours of the procedure, any CVC related complication was recorded. The outcome study done on participants for 9 years showed no bleeding and nerve puncture, however self limiting hematoma was observed. The study is found useful because it also answers the PICOT question and proves that ultrasound guidance can reduce complications in cancer patients. The strength of this evidence is that this research performed the procedure on largest number of patient thus enhancing the reliability and credibility of the result. It is the most accurate prospective trial as it has been carried out over a longer period of time. Such piece of evidence can readily applied in practice after providing some period of training to nurses. Among the three evidence, two was highest level of evidence and one was II level of evidence. In case of meta analysis and prospective study, the prospective study by Cavanna et al. (2010) is found to be the most strongest level of evidence from the three articles. This is because the methodology is free from biasness compared to other methods and analysis of outcome for long period has further enhanced the validity of the study for application in real setting. The other two studies are not reliable for application in real setting because of limitations in methodology and research outcomes as explained in sections for respective studies. Barrier to implementing EBP Among the three evidences, Cavanna et al. (2010) can be implemented as evidence based practice (EBP) in current setting because the article has clearly discussed the procedure and also addressed the limitations related to short time limit in implementing the procedure. This can be said because Seldinger technique was applied to address this shortcoming in the procedure (Goldstein et al. 2015). However, while trying to implement this evidence, certain barriers may arise in practice setting. For instance, nurses may feel reluctant to adopt the new method and abandon the traditional technique of cannulation. To address this barrier, it will be necessary to hold two or more session with nurses so that they understand the effectiveness of evidence for patient safety and reducing health care cost. This will help to address individual level barrier and changes the attitude of nurses towards EBP (Jordan, Bowers and Morton 2016). Another barrier to the implementation of EBP may include lack of time in learning about the new technique. This barrier can be addressed once the organization realize the need to change traditional practice and provide support to nurses so that they can manage their work priorities as well as attend training for effectively implementing new intervention in real setting. Such barrier can be addressed by clinical leader in organization as they can develop strategic climate for implementation of EBP (Aarons et al. 2014). Reference Aarons, G.A., Ehrhart, M.G., Farahnak, L.R. and Sklar, M., 2014. Aligning leadership across systems and organizations to develop a strategic climate for evidence-based practice implementation.Annual Review of Public Health,35. Aslam, S. and Emmanuel, P., 2010. Formulating a researchable question: A critical step for facilitating good clinical research.Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases,31(1), p.47. Burns, P.B., Rohrich, R.J. and Chung, K.C., 2011. The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine.Plastic and reconstructive surgery,128(1), p.305. Cavanna, L., Civardi, G., Vallisa, D., Di Nunzio, C., Cappucciati, L., Bert, R., Cordani, M.R., Lazzaro, A., Cremona, G., Biasini, C. and Muroni, M., 2010. Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization in cancer patients improves the success rate of cannulation and reduces mechanical complications: a prospective observational study of 1,978 consecutive catheterizations.World journal of surgical oncology,8(1), p.91. Crowley, M., Brim, C., Proehl, J., Barnason, S., Leviner, S., Lindauer, C., Naccarato, M., Storer, A., Williams, J. and Papa, A., 2012. Emergency nursing resource: difficult intravenous access.Journal of Emergency Nursing,38(4), pp.335-343. Goldstein, S.D., Pryor, H., Salazar, J.H., Dalesio, N., Stewart, F.D., Abdullah, F., Colombani, P. and Lukish, J.R., 2015. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous central venous access in low birth weight infants: feasibility in the smallest of patients.Journal of Laparoendoscopic Advanced Surgical Techniques,25(9), pp.767-769. Gopalakrishnan, S. and Ganeshkumar, P., 2013. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis: understanding the best evidence in primary healthcare.Journal of family medicine and primary care,2(1), p.9. Greenhalgh, T., Howick, J. and Maskrey, N., 2014. Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis?.Bmj,348, p.g3725. Hamer, S. and Collinson, G., 2014.Achieving Evidence-Based Practice E-Book: A Handbook for Practitioners. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hansen, H.F., 2014. Organisation of evidence-based knowledge production: Evidence hierarchies and evidence typologies.Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine,42(13_suppl), pp.11-17. Jordan, P., Bowers, C. and Morton, D., 2016. Barriers to implementing evidence-based practice in a private intensive care unit in the Eastern Cape.Southern African Journal of Critical Care (Online),32(2), pp.50-54. Kable, A.K., Pich, J. and Maslin-Prothero, S.E., 2012. A structured approach to documenting a search strategy for publication: a 12 step guideline for authors.Nurse education today,32(8), pp.878-886. Kornbau, C., Lee, K.C., Hughes, G.D. and Firstenberg, M.S., 2015. Central line complications.International journal of critical illness and injury science,5(3), p.170. Ma, I.W., Brindle, M.E., Ronksley, P.E., Lorenzetti, D.L., Sauve, R.S. and Ghali, W.A., 2011. Use of simulation-based education to improve outcomes of central venous catheterization: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Academic Medicine,86(9), pp.1137-1147. Murad, M.H., Asi, N., Alsawas, M. and Alahdab, F., 2016. New evidence pyramid.Evidence-based medicine, pp.ebmed-2016. Parienti, J.J., Mongardon, N., Mgarbane, B., Mira, J.P., Kalfon, P., Gros, A., Marqu, S., Thuong, M., Pottier, V., Ramakers, M. and Savary, B., 2015. Intravascular complications of central venous catheterization by insertion site.New England Journal of Medicine,373(13), pp.1220-1229. Riva, J.J., Malik, K.M., Burnie, S.J., Endicott, A.R. and Busse, J.W., 2012. What is your research question? An introduction to the PICOT format for clinicians.The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association,56(3), p.167 Scoppettuolo, G., Pittiruti, M., Pitoni, S., Dolcetti, L., Emoli, A., Mitidieri, A., Migliorini, I. and Annetta, M.G., 2016. Ultrasound-guided short midline catheters for difficult venous access in the emergency department: a retrospective analysis.International journal of emergency medicine,9(1), p.3. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Tapson, V.F., Hazelton, J.P., Myers, J., Robertson, C., Gilani, R., Dunn, J.A., Bukur, M., Croce, M.A., Peick, A., West, S. and Lottenberg, L., 2017. Evaluation of a device combining an inferior vena cava filter and a central venous catheter for preventing pulmonary embolism among critically ill trauma patients.Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology,28(9), pp.1248-1254. Wu, S.Y., Ling, Q., Cao, L.H., Wang, J., Xu, M.X. and Zeng, W.A., 2013. Real-time Two-dimensional Ultrasound Guidance for Central Venous CannulationA Meta-analysis.The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists,118(2), pp.361-375. Zeng, X., Zhang, Y., Kwong, J.S., Zhang, C., Li, S., Sun, F., Niu, Y. and Du, L., 2015. The methodological quality assessment tools for preclinical and clinical studies, systematic review and meta?analysis, and clinical practice guideline: a systematic review.Journal of evidence-based medicine,8(1), pp.2-10

Impact of Technology on Human Interaction free essay sample

Put. It. Down. Whether it is a cell phone, a computer, a tablet or a TV, people in todays technological world always have their eyes in front of some kind of screen. Due to the misuse of technology, people today do not consider their surroundings important. Technology is everywhere, giving anyone who comes within its reach access to all kinds of information. There is evidence that shows technology is more efficient to use, but people pay too much attention to it rather than to each other. Society has shifted to a time where talking to someone face-to-face is no longer required, and this shift has become a growing problem in today’s world. Technology is being improved every day, but the new advancements being created are causing people to lose basic essentials needed for life. Rather than allowing technology to change important priorities, society should limit their use of technology and consider it as an asset to living a normal life rather than a necessity. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Technology on Human Interaction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Technology has provided society with different ways of communication, but the excessive use of technology is causing a decrease in human interaction and the public’s human intelligence level, leaving children today to live a computer-only lifestyle. Scientists are continuing to improve technology at an accelerating rate while providing society with more access to different forms of technology. It has taken little time for the public to adapt to an age of cell phones, computers and tablets. Ray Kurzweil reveals, â€Å"It took 50 years for the telephone to be adopted by a quarter of the population; the cell phone did that in seven years. Social networks, Wikis, and blogs and tweets did that in three years† (Aamoth). People today are attracted to these networking sites due to the connection that they provide. The public considers social networking a great way to communicate with each other, though it is not in real time. Another journalist, author of â€Å"Technology is in your face: is it so bad? †, describes technology as helping â€Å"to ease the burden of separation, making transitions less stressful† (Johnson). Cheyenne Johnson uses her Skype account to talk to her boyfriend living 600 miles away. She likes the fact that she can keep in contact with her boyfriend though he live miles away. Johnson and many others would come to the conclusion that the advancements technology has made are helping the public connect with each other in ways that are not always possible, however, others would argue that the connection is not the same as face-to-face interaction. Due to the overuse of communication technology, the necessity for human interaction is decreasing. One necessity of the human race is the need for human interaction, a strong relationship between two or more individuals. This interaction begins before birth and helps humans develop socially and mentally as they age. In a lecture discussing Neuroscience and Sociology, there was an approach on how â€Å"an infant’s interaction with their mother helps them develop future relationships† (Brooks). This important interaction can be harmed by the overuse of technology. For example, a mother could spend more time talking on the phone rather than interacting with her child. The bond between mother and child would be replaced with the interaction between the cell phone and the mother. This parent-child relationship is essential because it aids other relationships in the future. Relationships play an important part on how the mind processes and what the body associates with. The Handbook of Psychology states, â€Å"The ways in which people understand their relationships plays a critical role in their social conflict and intergroup integration† (Dovidio 485). The relationships people form help develop a healthier social life. While many would agree that â€Å"technology has evolved in a social direction† (Brooks), it has the public forming a different kind of relationship, a relationship with a piece of technology rather than with a common human being. With all the new developments in communication technology, the motivation to interact with one another is being lost. Human intelligence in today’s society is decreasing due the excessive use of technology. Children today, especially teenagers, use technology constantly. Though it may seem that they are filling their minds with knowledge, some of these facts are not useful for them in everyday life. In an interview with Ray Kurzweil, an inventor and futurist at Techland, he describes how scientists plan to enhance the human-intelligence level through biological experiments. Kurzweil states, â€Å"The goal to human-intelligence level in machines is not some alien invasion to compete with us or displace us, but really to merge with us† (Aamoth). Kurzweil plans on working with other futurists on ways technology can help grow present knowledge with more useful information. Kurzweil also predicts a future with machines attaining high human intelligence levels. He highlights, â€Å"Technology is moving so fast that we won’t be able to follow it unless we enhance our minds with the technology we’ve created† (Aamoth). In order to accomplish this, the human intelligence would have to be improved. Though informational technology is efficient, the knowledge it provides the mind is decreasing human intellect rather than enhancing it. Kids and teens are being exposed to too many different forms of technology. This exposure is causing conflict in living a healthy lifestyle. Scientists have discovered that technology has affected them psychologically causing sound, social and emotional developments to be more difficult to attained due to technology advances (Brooks). There has also been a study showing the affect technology has on the academic level. Researchers wanted to see whether the use of social networking affected the environment of school classrooms. Social interactions in the classroom are critical foundations for helping students learn the material in a simple way (Dawson). With social networking occupying more of students time, the material they are required to learn is not being registered, causing students to miss important information in a course. In the academic world, technology has affected the performance of how students learn as well as develop intellectually. People in todays society spend more time using technology than keeping up with the basic essentials of life. In today’s generation, people do not pay attention to important aspects of everyday life such as eating dinner with the family, studying for exams or even driving. In 2011, the Jacksonville Examiner reported an article discussing the preferences of teenagers in today’s society. The study presented in this article displayed that 46 percent of teens and young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 would prefer using the Internet rather than driving in their car (Scheff). Researchers believe this is caused by social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. This study has led the auto industry to enhance â€Å"smartphone-type features like GPS devices, Bluetooth, and iPod docks into their cars† (Scheff). With these enhancements, those that drive can spend more time paying attention to the road than looking down at their phones. This issue of changing priorities also refers back to academic performance as well. Many students have the urge to spend more time on social networking sites rather spend their time studying or doing homework. A survey in Ohio State University discovered a correlation between those who have Facebook accounts and the affects it has on their academic performance. These students see Facebook as a way to keep in contact with friends and family and obtain a social life while professors see it as a distraction in the classroom (Villalobos). Technology is changing what people think should be important and is affecting the tasks of everyday life causing an increase in procrastination. Given these points, it is proven that the use of technology takes up more of peoples time and causes society to lose focus of what is around them. Once someone picks up their phone, plugs in their IPod or logs on to their computer, they no longer care for anything else. It is used in jobs, homes, and schools. Even while people drive, they chat and text on their phones. Society no longer sees the need to associate with their own kind. They would rather spend time with an object made up of metal and plastic. Social media is a great way to stay socially active, but on the other hand, the misuse keeps the public from spending time with important people and paying attention to important events. Instead of sitting in front of a computer screen or TV, go out and watch a movie or instead of texting a friend, meet up somewhere and hangout. The public needs to reconsider their use of technology, so that they can spend more time living life.

Albanian crises of 97 essays

Albanian crises of 97 essays It is not easy at all to try to understand and define what happened in Albania between end of 96 till summer 97. It is almost impossible to really tell why it happened, whether it was organized if it was, what went wrong and what should have be done to avoid that. One thing is for sure though The State did NOT function. The state didnt function in several aspects and dimensions. The government was not able to prevent the expansion of the pyramid schemes. It also was not able to warn its citizens in due time about the risk that they had taken. On the other side, the citizens themselves were expecting everything from their government. And when things went wrong, the Government was on the spotlight. Everybody blamed the state and forgot they the citizens form an integral part of the state. People didnt understand that by attacking the state and its institutions, they were attacking themselves. Dont ask what the Government can do for you, but what you can do for your Government-. Unfortunately most of the citizens didnt see it this way. There can be several factors that can explain why people reacted that way. History of regimes in Albania. Albania has had very short period that can be considered that they had an independent state and the government that served them, and that is from 1920 till the Italian occupation . For the rest of the time we have either been under occupation, thus not considering the government as Albanian, or under dictatorship so that the government was serving the dictator and not the people. Manipulation of the situation by the opposition. The opposition played a very destructive role by putting narrow political interests above wider national ones. Another notion that did not function was the hierarchy. The army, the police forces and other public officials/servant didnt ...

Financial Management case study 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial Management case study 2 - Essay Example Based on the probability distribution of the rate of return, you can compute two key parameters, the expected rate of return and the standard deviation of rate of return. This in fact is the measure of risk for a single asset. State Probability Return on Stock A Return on Stock B 1 20% 5% 50% 2 30% 10% 30% 3 30% 15% 10% 4 20% 20% -10% Given a probability distribution of returns, the expected return can be calculated using the following equation:Where, E [R] is the expected return on the stock; N = no: of states; pi is the probability of state i and Ri is return on the stock in state i. So we see that Stock B offers a higher expected return than Stock A. However, that is only part of the story; we haven't yet considered risk. Given an assets expected return, its variance can be calculated using the following equation and the standard deviation is calculated as the positive square root of the variance. Although Stock B offers a higher expected return than Stock A, it also is riskier since its variance and standard deviation are greater than Stock A's. Advantages of Risk and Return: It enables investors and entrepreneurs in taking capital budgeting decisions. In case of risk chances of future losses can be foreseen. Disadvantages of Risk and Return: Uncertainty lies in decisions taken based on these. Calculations might be difficult at times. (b) Explain, with examples, how you would measure the risk of a portfolio. Most investors invest in a portfolio of assets, as they do not want to pout all their eggs in one basket. Hence what really matters to them is not the risk and return of stocks in isolation, but the risk and return of the portfolio as a whole. Expected return of a portfolio: The expected return of a... Most investors invest in a portfolio of assets, as they do not want to pout all their eggs in one basket. Hence what really matters to them is not the risk and return of stocks in isolation, but the risk and return of the portfolio as a whole. Expected return of a portfolio: The expected return of a portfolio is simply the weighted average of the expected returns on the assets comprising the portfolio. For eg : when a portfolio consists of two securities then the expected return is Consider the following two stock portfolios and their respective returns (in per cent) over the last six months. Both portfolios end up increasing in value from $1,000 to $1,058. However, they clearly differ in volatility. Portfolio A's monthly returns range from -1.5% to 3% whereas Portfolio B's range from -9% to 12%. The standard deviation of the returns is a better measure of volatility than the range because it takes all the values into account. The standard deviation of the six returns for Portfolio A is *1.52; for Portfolio B it is *7.24.

Digital Marketing Plan for an online multi-brand retail Essay

Digital Marketing Plan for an online multi-brand retail - Essay Example It is targeting to cater to the online shopping needs of modern females of UK, by offering the next generation trends in the fashion segment. Situational Analysis The UK is recognized as one of the leading markets for manufacturing and evolution of the fashion in the global arena with textile industries producing 8.5 billion pounds of finished goods (Fashionunited, 2009). As of the year 2010, the UK fashion industry has been valued at around 21 billion pounds (Guardian, 2010).The recession and the slowdown in the markets all over the globe, created a down trend in the industry. Further slowdown happened in this particular sector, as more and more consumers tried cutting their expenses. Also, the continuous fear emerging out of the slowdown in the Euro zone and possible chances of a double dip recession has continued to impact the economy as well as public spending for the fashionable clothing sector (Centre For Retail Research, 2012). This has led to the retaliation of fears contributing to a possible bleak outlook for the UK fashion and garments sector. Also, there has been a unique factor that has been realised and noticed in this particular industry for the year 2011. The online model of purchase, which has been prompted by extensive promotion for the online model of shopping has started to cannibalize the in store sales. This has further impacted and hampered the sales that are happening in stores for the entire year of 2011 (Centre For Retail Research, 2012). Objectives The high end ‘New Waves’ is trying to act as a platform for providing a collaboration between the new and emerging pool of new designers as well as the fashion industry of UK. The primary focus of New Waves online model is to act as an online window for the fashion conscious consumers of UK and introducing them to the next big thing that is going to happen in the fashion industry of UK. They are making efforts to aim for a 65% recall from the total target segment, within a period of 6 months duration. It also is trying to achieve the objective of promoting itself as a national level clothing brand in the UK Market. Strategy Segmentation Marketing segmentation is an important and vital role, which is employed by all organizations large or small and is considered as an extremely strong weapon in identifying the target consumers (Charles, Hair & McDaniel, 2011, p. 260). New Waves, in an attempt to promote itself as a national level brand in the UK market are essentially targeting the modern fashion conscious female consumers of the UK zone falling within the age bracket of 18-36 yrs. Targeting The modern generations of consumers, who are mostly falling within the specified age group, are increasingly becoming tech savvy and are more increasingly inclined towards the internet. So, it will be very much essential for the brand to target and communicate as well as interact with the consumers in order to make the brand’s presence felt online to these young consumers. Positioning In an effort to communicate the brand well in the minds of the modern consumers of UK, New Wave should increasingly use a combination of st rategies and tactics for promoting the concept online. The best way to make this happen is to use a number of effective online promotional tactics. Tactics and Actions New Waves can utilize a variety of online promotional strategy and techniques in an effort to market its platform and communicate effectively to the young target segment. In an effort to communicate with the young fashionable modern consumers, New Waves should think of making its presence felt by tying up and collaborating with various online fashion magazines like MC Magazine,

Textin while driving Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Textin while driving - Research Paper Example The most important body parts that are involved in driving are the hands, legs, and eyes. When texting, a person is also using hands and eyes for maximum attention. When driving and texting are mixed, it implies that the concentration of the driver is on one thing. In most cases, it is usually on texting, considering the need to respond or convey a particular message. Driving while texting is a traffic offense, punishable by the law. It is, in fact, a form of attempted murder considering the dangers and risks that the person is exposing other passengers and pedestrians into. Various cases of accidents have been reported due to the negligence of the driver as they were texting. Apart from the loss of concentration, in the process of browsing and replying to text messages, a driver is likely to be exposed to some news that may ultimately take away their attention and even make them unable to drive (Klauer 56). Texting is sometimes considered a harmless activity for drivers especially when they have to reply to an important message. They feel it will only take a few seconds of their time, and they will; be done with it. However, within those few seconds on a busy road, the driver is likely to lose control or not notice a pedestrian crossing or an oncoming vehicle. It is understood that drivers also need to communicate and get in touch while they are driving, yet doing it while in the action of driving is risky. Instead, drivers are advised to pull off the road and carry on with the necessary communication instead of risking the lives of other commuters. In most cases, passengers watch driver’s texting as they drive without raising their voices and hence contributing to the risks and dangers they are being exposed to. Even though it is the driver involved in the risky affair of texting, once an accident happens, it will not just be for the driver but also other commuters. Passengers

Do New Wars Pose Difficult Challenges Politics Essay

Do New Wars Pose Difficult Challenges Politics Essay Civil wars in todays modern world have become increasingly described as new wars ever since the end of the Cold War era due to a perceived change in the format of warfare and the emergence of war economies as central to internal skirmishes. Some scholars argue this evolution in warfare and intrastate conflict requires adjustments and changes to the post conflict reconstruction process due to new challenges new wars creates in comparison to the old wars of the past. This essay argues that there is in fact little evolution in warfare since the end of the Cold War and in fact many of the characteristics of the so-called new wars are in fact present in conflicts in the past. It is for this reason that new wars do not pose more difficult challenges any more than the already complicated problems associated with post conflict reconstruction; although some changes are necessary to adjust the course of development, it is in fact the growth and advancement of media and the communications secto rs that have led to an increased focus on civil wars that has pushed them into the public arena and granted them a new status. The first part of this essay will analyse the new wars thesis posited by Kaldor and outline the characteristics attributed to new wars; this will be followed by the convincing criticisms by many academics that argue new wars are not in fact new and assists the final section of the essay that discusses the post conflict reconstruction process and argues contemporary conflict does not post a more difficult challenge to the post conflict reconstruction process anymore than old wars do. The concept of new wars was first written about in detail by Mary Kaldor at the end of the 1990s, as she attempted to define the characteristics of low-intensity conflicts and distinguish them from traditional state versus state conflicts of the past. Kaldor argues that towards the end of the 20th Century, in particular in the post-Cold War order, a new form of organized violence has emerged, with blurred distinctions between war, organized crime and large-scale human rights violations (2006, pp.1-2). This thesis has gained considerable academic support as scholars notice the trend in the decrease of interstate wars and the increase in violence within states (Holsti, 1996, p.40). New wars are characterised as criminal, depoliticized, private and even predatory in their nature, whilst the old wars of the past were ideological, political and noble (Kalyvas, 2006, p.100). Kaldor thus believes there has been a progression in the nature of warfare and conflict since the Cold War as intern al conflicts become the norm and interstate battles become far less common. Kaldor argues that New wars can be contrasted with earlier wars in terms of their goals, the methods of warfare and how they are financed (2006, p.7); these differences will be outlined in the following section to explain the new features of new wars. The goals of new wars are based on identity politics, especially ethnic identity, rather than ideological differences or geo-political ambitions, and often occur due to the erosion of state autonomy and state failure (Kaldor, 2006, pp.5-7). Groups will claim control of the state or certain areas of the state in the name of ethnicity, religion or tribe (Kaldor, 2005, p.212). The Bosnian conflict during the 1990s is often depicted as the archetypal example of a new war as it displays this identity conflict clearly (Kaldor, 2006, p.33). Due to its ethnic diversity of Muslims, Serbs and Croats (as well as several other ethnic identities), it was no surprise that conflict arose between the groupings as the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats set about ethnic cleansing in an attempt to establish ethnically homogenous territories (Kaldor, 2006, pp.34-5). Furthermore, the attrition of state power means the monopoly over violence is severely limited, which leads to widespread skirmishes and conf licts as groups compete to fill the vacuum created through state collapse (Newman, 2004, p.175). The warring parties in the Bosnian war described themselves as states and made use of the former state apparatus in order to finance, resource and run their campaigns (Kaldor, 2005, p.214). Globalisation has resulted in a cleavage between rich and poor that results in conflict and structural violence (Berdal, 2003, p.479) and also a cleavage between cosmopolitanism and the politics of particularist identities (Kaldor, 2006, p.7). There is a growing them and us divide as identity politics play a more dominant role in how individuals see themselves to each other. This of course increases the inevitability and the probability of conflict among groups of differing identities The form of combat has also changed as guerrilla and counter-insurgency tactics become the norm (Kaldor, 2006, p.8), as the nature of conflict adapts a distinctively politically chaotic and military atrocious character (Snow, 1996, p.105). In the past, guerrilla warfare has aimed to capture hearts and minds of civilians and the population; however, the new warfare uses counterinsurgency methods of destabilisation, aiming to create fear and hatred amongst civilians instead, using this to gain support or at least prevent citizens from disobeying orders (Kalyvas, 2001, p.109). New wars appear to lack military order or discipline (Angstrom, 2005, p.8) which often leads to extreme violence and barbarism, directed in particular at civilians as a deliberate strategy (Mello, 2010, p.299). This strategy of civilian targeting rests in the aim to control populations, inducing destabilization and terror in an attempt to remove those of a different identity through violent and barbaric killings a s well as techniques of intimidation (Kaldor, 2006, p.9). The genocide in Rwanda or the random atrocities committed against civilians in Sarajevo highlight this dark side of new war (Snow, 1996, p.105), and in situations such as Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda and Liberia, the military objective was the systematic murder and terrorizing of civilian populations (Snow, 1996, p.ix). Civilian casualties and forced displacement has increased in proportion to all causalities in conflict since the 1990s, highlighting this deliberative civilian targeting, further assisted by a blurring of boundaries between civilians and combatants as public authority breaks down as part of state failure (Newman, 2004, p.175). The final feature that distinguishes new wars from old wars is the form of financing that occurs; war economies of the past focused on using resources to defeat the enemy (Broodryk, 2010, p.11), whilst the new wars utilise looting, criminal networks, diasporic support and taxation of humanitarian aid to provide resources for their conflict (Kaldor, 2005, p.216). The simplest form of financing the war effort is through looting, robbery, extortion and hostage-taking and is seen in a number of contemporary wars (Kaldor, 2006, p.108). However, some war economies utilise networks of legal and illegal trade, arms and drug trafficking, corrupt governments and supportive diasporas that influence the outbreak and perpetuation of violent conflicts (Mello, 2010, p.300). The new war economies involve the fragmentation of the state as it cannot monopolise production and employment in order to fund their war cause (Broodryk, 2010, p.11). Resources are instead traded outside of the country to private companies lacking any interest in the conflict, only aiming to profit on the internal disruption (Broodryk, 2010, p.11). Kofi Annan highlights the economic struggle as central to internal conflicts: The pursuit of diamonds, drugs, timber, concessions and other valuable commodities drives todays internal wars. In some countries the capacity of the State to extract resources from society and to allocate patronage is the prize to be fought over (Annan, 1999, emphasis in original). This creates a globalized war economy in which rivalry between criminal groups occurs over resources or illegal commercial activities (Newman, 2004, p.176). The process of resource capture thus means there is no real desire of victory as groups aim to maintain resource profitability and the power they capture (Newman, 2004, p.176) the state of war is preferred to peace as it provides a cover for illegal economic activities by warlords and non-state actors (Melander et al., 2009, p.511) However, there are a number of academics that criticise Kaldors new wars thesis, arguing that many of the new features of new wars can be found in earlier wars, and that the differences between old and new wars are not as dichotomous as made out and are often exaggerated (Newman, 2004, p.173; Mello, 2010, p.305). This essay agrees with this to an extent a number of the features of new wars that Kaldor outlines in her argument are also present in wars of the past and suggest there is little new about modern warfare in internal conflict situations, as will be outlined in the following section. In terms of empirical evidence for new wars, Newman accepts that civil war have been more frequent than interstate war, but argues that both forms of conflict have decreased since the mid-1990s, with the exception of a spike in intrastate conflict in the early 1990s (2004, p.180). This, as Newman believes, shows there has not been an evolution of new wars in the post-Cold War period, and infact, the probability of country being in conflict is not similar to that at the end of the 1950s (Newman, 2004, p.180). In addition, Melander et al. argue battle severity (the number of deaths in battle) has declined in the post-Cold War era, whilst violence against civilians in civil conflict has also decreased (2009, p.507). Kalyvas explores the features of the new war convention, contrasting them to those of old wars, and concludes there are probably more similarities than differences, and that the new wars thesis is flawed in a number of ways. Firstly, he takes the argument that ideological concerns were the motivations of old wars, claiming that in fact, many wars in the past have involved high levels of looting (such as the Russian and Chinese Revolutions) and that many combatants actually made decisions to fight based on local considerations (Kalyvas, 2001, pp.106-7). Many soldiers are usually stimulated due to group pressures such as comradeship, respect and network ties such as family or friendship ties (Kalyvas, 2001, p.108). This can be seen in Irish Revolution and Civil War, where often the ideology at the centre of the war was rarely discussed amongst combatants and the conflict was based instead on family factions and old feuds (Hart, 1999, pp.264-266). Moreover, the depiction of new wars as lacking any ideological movement can be challenged; many rebel forces of contemporary civil wars have been stigmatised as missing any ideological motivations for combat, but in fact many hold an in-depth understanding of their own participation from a political perspective, as shown in Sierra Leone (Kalyvas, 2001, p.104). The portrayal of contemporary warfare existing through a move from chivalrous fighting to that of barbarity by militia and warlords is unfounded (Newman, 2004, p.181); the use of gratuitous violence can be found in old civil wars such in America, Russia and Spain, whilst the practice of child abduction to create child soldiers may be associated with contemporary Africa, but was common in conflicts in Afghanistan (during the Soviet invasion), Peru, Guatemala and the China (Kalyvas, 2001, pp.114-5). The horrific violence and barbarism portrayed in Kaldors new war thesis is also visible in past wars; the deliberate targeting of civilians can be seen in the Mexican Revolution at the start of the 20th Century, whilst World War II represents perhaps the most widespread cases of atrocities in the form of the Holocaust, the German advance into the Soviet Union (with huge civilian displacement) and the Russian advance on Berlin (with numerous cases of rape or sexual brutality) (Newman, 2004, pp.182-3). It is for this reason that Madame de Staà «l remarks that all civil wars are more of less similar in their atrocity, in the upheaval in which they throw men and in the influence they give to violent and tyrannical passions (cited in Kalyvas, 2001, pp.114-5). It is also possible to argue that modern intrastate conflicts do not utilise senseless violence, and that actually the portrayal of violence is defined by culture those in the West find the use machete as more barbaric than mass killings through bombings (Kalyvas, 2001, p.115) who is it to say which is the more atrocious and inhumane? Furthermore, Kaldor contends the violence rebel and militia movements use is not as gratuitous as made out, and in fact it is often strategic and selective Kalyvas argues the Algeria massacres, or the tactics used by RENAMO in Mozambique were part of larger strategies, whilst the forced amputation of womens hands in Sierra Leone can be seen as calculated to instil fear (2001, pp.115- 6). This is not to deny the acts as barbaric, but it certainly weakens the depiction of the violence as undisciplined and random. A case study that suggests new wars are not in fact new can be found in the Congo civil war during the 1960s; Newman argues this conflict closely follows the new wars model and identifies with several characteristics of Kaldors thesis (2004, p.184). The conflict arose after Belgium withdrew from Congo in June 1960, resulting in a political crisis as the centralised government broke down and disorder erupted. The Katanga province, rich in minerals, declared independence from the Congolese state after receiving support from the Belgian mining companies who were protecting their interests and promoting secession in the background (Newman, 2004, p.184). Conflict and struggles against the new leadership of the Republic of Congo was motivated primarily by material aggrandizement, particularly amongst militias and private mercenaries; at the same time, ethnic and religious differences stimulated the violence further, with some fighting orientated around clear political agendas (such as the unitary state against Katangan secession), whilst most fighting revolved around the interests of warlords and local factions (Newman, 2004, p.184). State failure and the breakdown of authority led to social disorder and the emergence of a war economy as mercenaries attempted to perpetuate conflict due to the benefits they gained not only from their employers but also from illegal activities such as arms sales (Newman, 2004, p.184). This case study therefore highlights the presence of new war features during the Cold War period, with state failure and collapse leading to social disorder and conflicting identity groups competing for resources. This suggests that new wars are in fact not new but have always been present; it is instead the emergence from the Cold War era that simply brought these conflicts to the fore and the expansion of media and communications that has led to the reporting of the internal disputes around the globe. The essay will now turn to the question of whether new wars pose more difficult challenges to postconflict reconstruction, and whether new approaches to state rebuilding after internal civil war are required. Although the essay has argued throughout that new wars are not completely new, it has also noted that some characteristics of contemporary intrastate conflict have evolved from those of the past, and there have been some changed in the forms of conflict. It is for these reasons that the post conflict reconstruction process must make a few adaptations in order to assist a states recovery after civil war. As Newman outlines, evolution and advancement in historical, technological and social-economic terms have meant the nature of conflict has also changed (2004, p.185), and therefore the reconstruction process will face some new challenges. In many post-conflict nations, the levels of crime and human rights abuses remain high as warlords and militia remain at large, making use of t heir illegal economies created through civil war the are weaknesses in the reconstruction process that mean identity politics and the new wars rebuilding programmes are not tackled head on (Kaldor, 2006, p.x). At a basic level, post conflict reconstruction must address a wide and complex range of challenges in states ravaged by internal conflict the prevention of future armed conflict, the rebuilding of effective state institutions, recreation of a social fabric, redressing of human rights abuses and the nursing of a health civil society are all central to the reconstruction process (Call Cook, 2003, p.135). The prevention of further armed conflict is particularly important in the case of new wars as it is essential to discourage warlords, militia and other forces from restarting and perpetuating conflict in order to sustain the resource capture that is common in contemporary warfare. This therefore means the war economy that existed during the conflict must be replaced by an effective state economy that has a monopoly of the nations resources and can prevent resource competition from accumulating and resulting in a fresh break out of conflict. Furthermore, the prevention of future confl ict is not simply a matter of removing arms access and taking guns from the combatants, but it is also the establishment of accountably, transparent, and participatory systems of authority (Call Cook, 2003, p.135). In the aftermath of a new war, it is essential for restructuring forces to quickly create a form of state authority that is accountable to the people and is capable of solving the grievances of those involved in the conflict. Kaldor stresses the importance for reconstruction to primarily involve the restructuring of political authorities and civil society, in the forms of law and order and the mobilisation of political groups (2006, p.145). The integration of all identities is also essential in order to remove the binary them and us dichotomy than can threaten to reignite ethnic or religious differences and disputes. The establishment of law and order requires disarmament, demobilisation, policing or training police forces, arresting of war criminals and the re-establishment of the justice system (Kaldor, 2006, p.146). However, it is not that simple; disarmament through buy-back programmes results in the handing back of average or poor weaponry whilst the high-tech arms are held onto (Kaldor, 2006, p.146). Furthermore, as new wars are essentially a combination of war and criminality, law enforcement must involve both soldiers and police in order to provide adequate security and authority. Infrastructure s uch as basic services, transport and production needs to be restored at both regional and local levels in order to re-establish the economy and reduce the need to humanitarian aid (Kaldor, 2006, p.147). Humanitarian assistance also needs to become more targeted in order to remove war economies and their siphoning of aid, and also to prevent over-reliance on aid that means the economy cannot be rebuilt. For instance, in Somalia, food provisions were high and numerous in an attempt to ensure all of those in need actually received the aid; however, this meant food prices in the state fell, creating an environment where it was no longer economically viable for farmers to produce food (Kaldor, 2006, p.144). Another example of aid problems can be seen in El Salvador; here, and IMF stabilisation programme attempted to provide monetary assistance for the country to reconstruct. However, the strict spending limits of the IMF provisions meant the state could not afford to build a civil police force and enact buy-back schemes for disarmament that was required by the peace programme to help reintegrate combatants back into society (Kaldor, 2006, p.143). In this instance, therefore, humanitarian assistance in post conflict reconstruction needs to become more targeted and utilise local knowledge for it to be effective at rebuilding after a new war. This essay has only touched on the surface of the reconstruction process after a new war, providing a basic outline of state rebuilding. However, it explains the need to adapt certain procedures uses in reconstruction of the state after a new war the need to retarget and develop aid provision, the importance of establishing effective authoritarian institutions to enforce security and peace, and the importance of reconstructing state structures that enable grievances to be addressed, civil society to be rebuilt, war economies removed, and the implementation of policies to prevent future state failure and conflict. To conclude then, this essay points to the need for perspective when approaching new wars and post conflict reconstruction each struggle will need its own unique form of reconstruction, and therefore the post conflict rebuilding process is a case-by-case thesis, with no singular set of reformation practices or factors and the presence or lack of certain factors associated with new wars is down to the unique contexts and mitigations of specific conflicts rather than linear historical changes (Newman, 2004, p.180). There has indeed been a decrease in state vs. state conflict commonly associated with the past, whilst globalisation, decolonisation and the following state building, and the resurgence of identity politics have all suggested a shift from warfare of the past and therefore the need to adjust reconstruction policies (Newman, 2004, p.180), and indeed some changes are required. However, it is perhaps more appropriate to highlight the rise and expansion of the media and communic ations as an explanation for the perceived changes in conflict many of the factors Kaldor outlines in her thesis are not in fact new and have been present in past skirmishes it is simply the prominence and attention these conflicts now receive from the media that has resulted in changes of perceptions and ideas of civil wars (Newman, 2004, p.179). The first section of this essay outlined the basis of Kaldors New Wars argument and the factors attributed to contemporary civil war; following this, the essay provided and agreed with the criticisms of the new wars thesis, highlighting the fact than many of the characteristics of new wars are not as new as Kaldor makes out. Finally, the essay contended that contemporary wars do not provide many more difficult challenges for post conflict reconstruction in comparison to old wars, rather small adjustments must be made in order to account for the rise of globalisation and the modern world.

The Young Years of Queen Victoria Essay -- Queen Victoria Childhood Es

The Young Years of Queen Victoria Victoria was born on a spring day, May 24th, 1819, at Kensington Palace, in the then quiet suburb of London. "Plumb as a partridge" was her father's description of the baby, and she certainly bore a marked resemblance to her sturdy and robust Hanoverian ancestors who had ruled Great Britain for little more than a century at the time of her birth. By 1798 Victoria's grandfather, King George III, had reigned for nearly sixty years, but he was now old and feeble. The symptoms of his terrible illness, porphyria, seemed to his doctors to be those of madness, and for years the King had be confined in Windsor Castle while his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled in his stead. Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent, was the old King's fourth son, but since his three elder brothers were without heirs, there seemed a good chance that he might one day himself become King. He had married late in life, when he was over 50, to supply an heir to the throne in the younger generation. Between the seven princes and five princesses of the royal family, not one of them had a legitimate child to carry on the succession, until 1819 saw three royal births within two months. The Prince of Wales had one child, the Princess Charlotte, who in time would have become Queen, but she died in childbirth in the autumn of 1817. It was her death, which drove her uncles into marriage, to father heirs to replace her in the line of succession. Indirectly, Charlotte herself had found her uncle Edward his bride: the Princess had married a minor German prince, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and, deeply in love with him, suggested to the Duke of Kent that he would find a wife in Leopold's widowed sister, Victoire. In fact, Edward and Victoire met in 1816, but then there seemed no urgency in the matter of their marriage. But soon after Charlotte's death, Edward proposed to Victoire, and the couple was married the following summer. Victoire of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was 31 years old when she married the English Duke, a pretty woman with dark hair, with a fine figure and lively ways. She had been married once before to Emich Charles who died in 1814, leaving his widow with two small children and the many demands of nobility which forced to test her wits and strength. Her marriage with the Duke of Kent seemed to promise Victoire a brighter future,... ...he Duchess of Kent regained her daughter's affection. â€Å"I love peace and quiet, I hate politics and turmoil. We women are not made for governing, and if we are good women, we must dislike these masculine occupations. There are times which force one to take interest in them, and I do, of course intensely.† (Victorian Station, P.2. 2000) Bibliography 1. Arnstein, Walter L. â€Å"Victoria (queen).† Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 1993-1998. 2. Erickson, Carolly. Her Little Majesty: The Life of Queen Victoria. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1997 3. Farley, M. Foster. â€Å"Queen Victoria’s Childhood.† Online. Internet Explorer. Accessed 1 March 2000. Available http://www.thehistorynet.com/BritishHeritage/articles/1998/11982_text.htm 4. Miller, Ilana. â€Å"The Life & Issue of Queen Victoria.† Online. Internet Explorer. Accessed 1 March 2000. Available http://www.likesbooks.com/victoria.html 5. â€Å"Victorian Station.† Excerpts from Queen Victoria’s journals and personal correspondence. Online. Internet Explorer. Accessed 1 March 2000. Available http://victorianstation.com/queenquotes.htm